CD Leycom designs and develops medical devices for continuous real-time measurement of cardiac function and performance. In addition to intra-ventricular volume, high-fidelity pressure is recorded simultaneously to provide continuous, real-time pressure-volume loops (i.e. PV loops). PV loop hemodynamics are widely recognized as the ‘Gold Standard’ of cardiac function and performance, providing over 50 quantitative hemodynamic measures related to cardiac energetics, compliance, contractility, and efficiency. The unique conductance catheters associated with CD Leycom's PV loop systems, quantify blood volume via conductance as described by Baan's equation. Both the Inca PV Loop System (clinical system) and Sigma-M PV Loop System (large animal system) are actively being used in numerous cardiovascular research protocols related to heart failure, structural heart disease, pharmacology evaluation, and medical device validation.