The Institute for Applied Economic Research (Ipea) is a federal public foundation linked to the Secretariat of Strategic Affairs of the Presidency of the Republic (SAE/PR). It provides technical and institutional support to government actions – enabling the formulation and reformulation of public policies and Brazilian development programs. Its work is made available to society through numerous regular publications and seminars. Ipea is headquartered in Brasilia and has a representation office in Rio de Janeiro. For more information about Ipea, please contact: ascom@ipea.gov.br / +55 61 33155334