Cardinal Economics & Finance, LLC is an economics and finance advisory firm based in Ann Arbor, Michigan. The firm is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Frontier Economics Pty Ltd, headquartered in Australia and with offices in Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane and Singapore. Frontier Economics Pty Ltd opened for business in 1999 and comprises 27 consultants. To learn more about Frontier Economics Pty Ltd [or “Frontier Economics (Asia-Pacific)”] head to frontier-economics.com.au. Businesses have to make critical commercial decisions under uncertainty. At Cardinal Economics & Finance, we use financial economics and sophisticated analytical techniques to help clients make these decisions. At Cardinal Economics & Finance, we draw upon a significant breadth of experience in addressing important and complex issues in four areas: * valuation * risk & return * litigation support * regulation. Our team has worked on corporate finance issues with listed and unlisted corporations, law firms, government agencies and regulators. This advice includes: * Valuation of ordinary shares, projects and options * Valuation of executive compensation packages * Assessment of the financial consequences of contract breaches * Real options analysis and development of strategies for decision-making under uncertainty * Advice on optimal capital structure * Measurement of the risk and expected return of portfolios * Transaction advisory services, including valuation, risk measurement and writing agreements * Estimation of firms’ cost of capital * Financial modelling